Jumat, 16 Oktober 2009

The Indonesian Human Development Index

Recently, exactly on Monday October 5th 2009, United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) published Human Development Report 2009. The Indonesian level was 111 among 182 countries in the world. It means that the level of Indonesia decreased again compared to that in 2007 i.e. 107/179 and in 2008 i.e. 109/179. Qualitatively, the Indonesian level increased a little i.e. 0.734 compared to that in 2007.


Mahbub ul Haq had formulated The Human Development Report before 1990. He defined that the objective of development is to create the environment which enables people to enjoy the life longer, healthily and creatively. This definition was based on paradigm that the human being is the centre of development. The Development should be directed to make people have access to public service easily as follows: to get science, to get better nutriment, to get health service, security, job, protection from security crime and physical violence, satisfaction of vacation, a freedom of culture and politics, and involvement in government.


Based on that concept, United Nation Development Programme (UNDP) has published Human Development Report for all countries in the world since 1990. Human Development Index (HDI) is one of tools to know the relevant growth of human development. HDI is important to measure society development. The counting of the human development index is based on three indicators as follows: (1) rate of long-life expectation and health, (2) rate of gaining education opportunity and (3) the quality of life rate that is indicated by reasonable standard i.e. buying capacity and income. The three indicators are summary of society welfare aspects. The scale of HDI ranges as follows: (1) 0 – 50 means having not enough attention to implement human development, (2) 51- 79 means having enough attention to implement human development, (3) 80-100 means having more than enough attention to implement human development.


To mainstream HDI, United Nation organized High Level Conference in Copenhagen in 1995. This moment published The Principles of Human Development that was signed by 117 presidents or Head of Governments. In September 2000, The 189 countries that were UN member held Millennium Conference. At this moment, the delegations agreed to adopt The Millennium Declaration. The Declaration was based on inclusive approach and it stands on the fulfillments of the human right. The members of United Nation adopted the millennium declaration, and then called The Millennium Development Goal (MDG).


Even a number of Counties targeted MDG achievement before 2015, as follows: (1) poverty elimination, (2) Basic Education for all, (3) equality and gender justice, and women empowering, (4) decreasing for baby mortality rate, (5) improving mother health, (6) prevention from HIV-AIDS, malaria and others diseases, (7) sustainable environment, (8) Friendship global networking.

Since 1990, The Indonesian IDX has ranged 107 - 111 among 177 - 182 countries. The change level of Indonesian IDX was not significant. Even in 2009, The Indonesian Government increased education budget up to 20 percents of National Budgeting. However, The Team Leader of Governance Unit UNDP i.e. Rizal Malik showed that government budget was still allocated to remunerate employees, including the increase of 20% for education budget. The Executive Director of Institute of Non-Government Forum Indonesian Development (INFID) i.e. Don K. Marut showed that the Indonesian IDX achievement was caused by bigness of foreign loan to be paid. But, The Welfare Coordinator Ministry i.e. Abu Rizal Bakrie showed that it was caused by local government that didn’t follow IDX yet (December, 17th, 2007). The cause of not following IDX was that the local government has restrictiveness of institution, budgeting, human resource, and information system.

Rabu, 07 Oktober 2009

Evaluation of the Single Window System

In the end of Augustus 2009, Local Governance and Innovation for Communities in Aceh (LOGICA) hired an independent team to evaluate The Single Window System. The team evaluated The Implementation of Single Window System in four Districts such as Aceh Besar, Aceh Jaya, Aceh Barat and Bireun. The team decided to evaluate six aspects i.e. change of value in public servant, change of local regulation, change of institution, models of supporting, scaling up, and the impact.

1. The change of value in public servant
The significant values of Single Window system are transparency and making the service near.

Transparency
The models of transparency which are implemented give information about procedure, service fee for licenses. It is progressive effort of government service. Citizens as users are not doubtful and do not guess anymore about requirement, procedure, person in charge, and whether they have to pay the service fee or not. These are reforms of bureaucracy in public service and of bureaucracy characteristic.

The Single Window System is just one of government tasks especially for Sub District. As a sub system, The Single Window System is depending on another sub system and the commitment of head of Sub District Government. If some of system in Sub District is not transparent yet, then it does not guarantee that the innovation will be sustainable. To make sure that the transparency becomes steady change, The Sub District Government must be reformed. The Commitment of head Sub District Government and his staff must be strengthened. The Transparency must be widened to another part comprehensively. The Sub district Reformations can be done with installing The Single Window System to all task and authorities of Sub District.
Thus, the transparency can be implemented systematically.

From the external side, the guarantee of Sub District transparency was done through two parties, i.e. District Government and citizens as users. The District Government can monitor and evaluate. The citizens and civil society organization can be involved in user-based survey and complaint mechanism.


Making the service near

The service will be nearer if the accomplishment of licensing is finished in Sub District Office. The more services are finished, the nearer is the service to citizens. On the other hand, the authorities of Sub District which are implemented through the single window system are limited to making a letters of reference or recommendation which need accomplishment at Licenses Office or Population Administration Office. This indicates The Single Window System just improves and makes Sub District services more efficient, but doesn't cut the distance of accomplishing licensees. In other words, The Single Window System which is implemented currently is not yet significant to make service nearer.

2. Change of Local Regulation
Some regulations have been decided to make sure that the implementing of the single window system in Sub District Office is effective , such as Mayor Regulation about Delegation of Authority, Mayor Regulation about Job Description and main task in Sub District Government, Mayor Decree about Procedures of Population Administration and License etc. Those regulations have created appropriate condition to decrease indeterminacy in public service.

Related to Delegation of authority, Head of Sub District haven’t dared yet to implement the authorities which are in The Mayor Regulation. These cases happened in Aceh Jaya and Aceh Barat District. On the other hand, there are differences between the Sub Districts Government and District Government in interpreting delegation of authorities.
The last point in the change of local regulation is The Local Budget hasn’t yet become a source of finance on implementing the single window system.

3. Change of Institution
There isn’t the special of structure which is created on The District level to make sure and monitor the change of Sub District. The Implementation Team which was created on the District level was temporary structure. The team was more active in the phases of preparing and socializing.

The Sub District adjusted its own structure to the structure of Single Window System and accommodated the structures of front office and back office on public service. The Sub District also created the special officer whose job was in public service, i.e. in The Sub District at Aceh Besar and Aceh Barat District. The Sub District also made sure that the cashier worked all day along and the others worked based on the schedule. These happened in Aceh Jaya and Bireun District.

The last point of change of institution is that human resource capacity, supporting infrastructure and budget are usually regarded the cause of ineffectiveness of implementation of single window system in Sub District Office.

4. Models of supporting
The role of Head of Sub District as a leader was very significant whether the implementation of single window system was smooth or not. All Sub Districts which implemented the single window system certainly involved The Head of Sub District directly. He led it seriously.

Based on their own initiatives, the leaning process had happened in sub district which was not directly accompanied by LOGICA. The initiative was the pretension to know the implementing of single window system.

The role of LOGICA was very significant as the facilitator of change. It can be said that the implementing of single window system was not significant without the intensive involvement of LOGICA. Until now, there was not a party which could replace the role of LOGICA in District and sub District levels. LOGICA also didn’t yet make the exit strategy which would make sure that the single window system was sustainable after the involvement was finished.

5. Scaling Up

Scaling up on the Area of Implementation of Single Window System

The implementation of single window system to all sub districts was a praiseworthy commitment of District Government. It indicated the change of bureaucratic behavior and the emergence of the need of District for prima service in sub district that oriented to satisfaction and pleasure of citizens.

But the replication of the single window system to all sub districts was just a regulation. It was not yet the phase of involvement and empowerment. That was indicated by the absence of the structure which was specially created to adopt roles of LOGICA i.e. intensive involvement on process of change in Sub District.

Scaling up on the Delegation of Authority
The Delegation of Authority to Sub District consists of 4 sectors i.e. Population Administration, Licensing, Empowering Mukim and Village Government, Health and Education. The intervention which was done by LOGICA through The Single Window System had given a strong foundation to Sub District Government about implementation of Authority Delegation especially on licensing and Population Administration. Based on the experience, the implementation of authorities on health, empowering mukim and villages Government, and education were able to be developed.

6. The impact

From User side, they feel the significant difference between current service and the single window system especially on accomplishment of licenses was that the latter was easier, faster, and not doubtful.

From Sub District side, the beginning of the implementation of single window system made employees doubtful because of the decreased incomes of each employee. But, after some time, they felt the benefits consisting of clear job distribution and the effectiveness of public service. The Single Window System had decreased a burden of sub district employee. It also had created more flexible time to sub district employee because some jobs had been taken by the single window system. The single window system had restored the trust of citizens to Sub District Government.

7. Recommendation

Regulation Aspect
The accompanying of elaboration policy of authority delegation must be done to make sure which policy is implemented. More procedures had been decided so far were related to licensing and population administration. The Procedure that was related to delegation of authority i.e. developing mukim and village government, health and education must also be decided as soon as possible.

The accompanying of budget allocation in Local Budget of District Government (APBK) must be directed to the activities which were directly related to the implementing of Single Window System and authority delegation i.e. human capacity improvement, procurement of goods and service, and some activities like workshop or share of experience among employees in Sub district.

Institution Aspect
To implement the single window system and authority delegation in all of sub districts, District Government needs to create The Steering Committee and Sub District Capacity Improvement Team. The Steering Committee resembles the implementation team which had been created for the single window system. If there are needs to implement all of the authorities which are delegated to sub district, then The Steering Committee must be extended by involvement of education office, health and village government.

Sub District Capacity Improvement Team is a team work that has task to accompany, to give a technical assistance, and to improve sub district capacity in order to be capable to implement delegation of authority. The team can be placed on a Desk (like Education and Training Institution) to facilitate the finance.
The monitoring and evaluation should be done periodically to measure performance and to give suggestion on developing during the process.

Special for empowering village government, on the Sub District level, The Village Capacity Improvement Team should be created. It will accompany the village government to improve the village capacity, give technical assistant to village government in doing its own functions.

Authority delegation aspect

The accompanying of implementation of authority delegation can be done directly and level by level. The alternatives of authority delegation consist of administration and licensing accomplishment and the single window system plus. The single window system can be made the standard to implement authorities of sub district i.e. empowering mukim and village, education and health.